Why Vermont Stays Quiet: The Geography and History Behind Its Small Population
By Tim Konrad | September 15, 2025 | Unofficial Networks
Nestled in the heart of New England, Vermont—known as the Green Mountain State—is a place of breathtaking landscapes, rich history, and a surprisingly small population. Despite its proximity to bustling metropolitan hubs like New York City and Montreal, Vermont remains the second least populated state in the U.S., with just 647,000 residents. So, why do so few people call this scenic state home? Below, we look at the fascinating geography and history that shape Vermont’s unique character, as explored in a captivating YouTube video by Geography By Geoff.
A Land Shaped by Mountains and Rivers
Vermont’s geography is defined by its stunning natural features. The Green Mountains, part of the larger Appalachian range, run like a spine through the state, cloaked in dense forests of coniferous and deciduous trees. Iconic peaks like Mount Mansfield (4,395 feet) and Camel’s Hump draw hikers and skiers, fueling Vermont’s thriving tourism industry. Lake Champlain, the sixth-largest freshwater lake in the U.S., borders New York and Canada, while the Connecticut River marks the state’s eastern boundary with New Hampshire. These waterways, along with the Winooski River, have historically supported agriculture and powered mills, but they also play a role in Vermont’s sparse population.
The state’s rugged terrain, while beautiful, poses challenges. The Green Mountains limit flat, arable land, making large-scale farming and urban development difficult. Vermont’s primary soil, derived from rocky glacial deposits, is thin and less fertile than the Midwest’s rich plains, historically curbing agricultural growth. Additionally, major waterways like Lake Champlain and the Winooski River flow north toward Canada’s St. Lawrence River, rather than south to major U.S. ports like Boston or New York. This geographic orientation reduced trade opportunities, stunting economic and population growth compared to neighboring states.
A History of Independence and Isolation
Vermont’s history is as distinctive as its landscape. Before European settlement, the region was home to the Abenaki and Mohican tribes, part of the Algonquin-speaking peoples. In 1609, French explorer Samuel de Champlain became the first European to see the area, naming the lake that now bears his name. However, permanent European settlement didn’t take hold until the late 1600s and early 1700s, when French and British colonists vied for control.
During the colonial era, Vermont was a battleground in the French and Indian War, reflecting the broader imperial rivalry between Britain and France. After Britain’s victory in 1763, the region fell under British control, but disputes over land grants between New Hampshire and New York sparked conflict. These tensions led to the formation of the Green Mountain Boys, a militia led by Ethan Allen, which resisted New York’s claims.
In 1777, amidst the American Revolution, Vermont declared itself an independent republic—a status it maintained for 14 years. During this time, it adopted a progressive constitution that abolished slavery and established public education. However, New York’s persistent claims delayed Vermont’s entry into the United States until 1791, when it became the 14th state after paying New York $30,000 (about $1 million today) to settle land disputes.
Why So Few People?
Vermont’s small population—only 71,000 more than Wyoming, despite a 99-year head start in statehood—stems from a combination of geographic and historical factors:
- Challenging Terrain: The Green Mountains restrict flat land for farming and urban centers, leading to small, scattered communities rather than large cities. Burlington, with about 226,000 people in its metro area, is Vermont’s largest urban hub, while towns like Rutland and Bennington have just 15,000 residents each.
- Poor Soil Quality: The rocky, glacial soil limits agricultural productivity, a key driver of population growth in rural areas historically.
- Trade Barriers: Waterways flowing north to Canada, rather than south to U.S. ports, made trade less profitable, hindering economic development.
- Historical Isolation: Vermont’s early ties to New France, rather than Britain’s 13 colonies, delayed dense settlement. The focus on fur trading over agriculture during French control didn’t encourage large-scale migration.
- Missed Industrial Boom: Unlike Massachusetts with its ports or Pennsylvania with its coal mines, Vermont lacked the resources and transportation networks to fuel an industrial revolution, preventing the growth of large urban centers.
Vermont’s Modern Charm
Today, Vermont’s economy leans on tourism, maple syrup production (it leads the U.S.), and sustainable industries like lumber and paper. Its humid continental climate, with hot summers and cold winters, supports the sugar maple trees that make Vermont’s maple syrup famous. Conservation efforts ensure the state’s forests and biodiversity remain intact, preserving its appeal as a haven for nature lovers.
Despite its small population, Vermont’s progressive legacy endures. From abolishing slavery in its 1777 constitution to leading in social reforms throughout the 1800s, the state has long punched above its weight in cultural influence. Its natural beauty, from the Green Mountains to Lake Champlain, continues to draw visitors seeking tranquility and outdoor fun.
Why Vermont’s Story Resonates
Vermont’s tale of rugged landscapes, fierce independence, and quiet charm is a reminder that beauty and history don’t always translate to population growth. Its unique geography and historical path have kept it a gem in New England, perfect for those who value serenity over hustle.
For a deeper dive into why Vermont remains so sparsely populated, check out Geography By Geoff’s YouTube video. And if you’re inspired to visit the Green Mountain State, expect stunning vistas, rich history, and a peaceful escape from the crowds.
